Type I is estrogen-dependent, affects younger patients (premenopausal or perimenopausal women), and is usually diagnosed at an early stage due to abnormal vaginal bleeding. ĮC is categorized into two histopathological subtypes: type I (80–85%) and type II (10–15%). Risk factors include conditions promoting increased estrogen exposure, such as hormonal replacement therapy, obesity, tamoxifen use, early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity, history of polycystic ovary disease, and hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome type 2). Most cases are diagnosed at an early stage, and 75% occur in postmenopausal women (> 50 years) with vaginal bleeding being the main symptom. With careful application, functional MRI with DWI and DCE sequences can help establish a correct diagnosis, although it is sometimes necessary to perform biopsy and histopathological analysis.Įndometrial cancer (EC) is the most common malignant tumor of the female genital tract in Western countries. Awareness of mimics that can simulate both cancers is critical. Despite these important roles of MRI, radiologists still face challenges due to the technical and interpretation pitfalls of MRI during all phases of endometrial and cervical cancer evaluation. MRI can accurately assess prognostic indicators, e.g., tumor size, parametrial invasion, pelvic sidewall, and lymph node invasion. The revised FIGO (2018) staging includes node involvement and thus enables both therapy selection and evaluation, prognosis estimation, and calculation of end results. The FIGO Gynecologic Oncology Committee recently revised its CC staging guidelines, allowing staging based on imaging and pathological findings when available. Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most common cancer, and the third leading cause of cancer-related death among females in developing countries. MRI reveals myometrial invasion depth, which correlates with tumor grade and lymph node metastases, and thus correlates with prognosis. Since FIGO (2009) stage correlates with prognosis, preoperative staging is essential for tailored treatment. EC is surgically staged using the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) system. EC patients are divided into risk categories based on histopathological tumor type, grade, and myometrial invasion depth. Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common malignant tumor of the female genital tract in Western countries. MRI plays important roles in endometrial and cervical cancer assessment, from detection to recurrent disease evaluation.
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